Senin, 27 Oktober 2008

BORNEO ISLAND - PULAU KALIMANTAN

West Borneo - Kalimantan Barat

Lying directly on the equator and serving as the main gateway into the Provincial capital of Pontianak. Founded in 1771 by Syarif Abdul Rahman Al-Kadri of Saudi Arabia, the city is now a bustling economic hub as well as home to a sizeable university and a giant indoor sports stadium. Canals crisscross the city and one of Indonesia's longest rivers, the Kapuas (1143 km long), divides the town in two, providing an essential and historical communications link. Like Java and Sumatra, West Kalimantan was once an important cultural crossroads Hinduism reached West Kalimantan by about the year 400 and evidence of both early Hindu and Buddhist civilizations in the region have been discovered. Stone carvings and ceramics can be traced as far back as the 5th century, but it is the influence of Islam that has had the most impact on this region.

The advent of Islam in West Kalimantan occurred at about the same time as the rise of the first Islamic Kingdom in Aceh in the 15th century. Islam was rapidly embraced and various kingdoms grew in strength and power, particularly because of Kalimantan's strategic importance along trade routes to China and Philippines.

The advent of Islam in West Kalimantan occurred at about the same time as the rise of the first Islamic Kingdom in Aceh in the 15th century. Islam was rapidly embraced and various kingdoms grew in strength and power, particularly because of Kalimantan's strategic importance along trade routes to China and Philippines.

West Kalimantan covers an area of over 146.807 sq km, rich in a variety of minerals and precious stones, and remains largely unexplored. Coastal areas are mainly swamp lands with more than 100 rivers sculpting the flat plains. In the mountainous eastern parts of the province, away from the city and plains, there are many Dayak villages.The Dayaks have ancient traditions and beliefs which are expressed in various forms ; earlobes elongated by heavy earrings, tattoos, intricate paintings, designs and carvings and wonderful dances of respect, heroism, welcome and cure. A large Chinese population, Malays and other Indonesian ethnic groups account for the rest of the inhabitants of the province.

Central Borneo - Kalimantan Tengah

Central Kalimantan is the biggest province on the island, covering 153,800 square kilometers, most of which is jungle. The northern area is mountainous and difficult to reach. The central area is dense tropical forest. The southern area is swampy and has many rivers. The climate is hot and humid.
The three dayak sub-tribes who inhabit this province area the Ngaju, Ot Danum, and Ma'anyan Ot Siang. The Ngaju are nomadic, adhering to the old Kaharingan religion, which is a form of ancestor worship mixed with elements of animism . With approximately 6,000 people, the Ot Danum is the largest among the three sub-tribes. The Ot Danum live in long houses which sometimes have as many as 50 rooms. The women are know for their skill in plaiting rattan, palm leaves, and bamboo. Like other Dayak, the men are good hunters, using simple tools.

The art Central Kalimantan clearly bears the marks of the Kaharingan religion, which is the traditional belief of the Dayaks in the hinterland of Central Kalimantan. Building styles, statues and carvings have been influenced by the Hindus, Chinese, and Hindu - Javanese. Aside from their aesthetic properties, many objects are appreciated for their magic value.

South Borneo - Kalimantan Selatan

The Meratus mountains divide South Kalimantan into two distinct regions. The eastern part of the province is filled with mountains covered with dense tropical rain forests, home to the "Orang Gunung" or Mountain Peoples. Collectively called the Dayak, they form the minority of the region's population. The southern section of the province is much flatter with large rivers meandering through lowlands to vast mangrove swamps along the coast, helping to make South Kalimantan an exceptionally fertile land. Many villages and settlements have been built along these rivers, by the indigenous majority, the Banjar.

South Kalimantan is full of colorful and distinctive traditional arts and cultures which can be seen in its people's way of life, art, dance, music, ancestral dress, games and ceremonies. Exquisite traditional and commercial handicrafts are all made from local raw materials which include a variety of precious and semi precious stones, gold, silver, brass, iron and a wide variety of woods including bamboo and rattan. South Kalimantan, is one of the largest wood producers in Indonesia. Extensive forests with a wide variety of trees such as ironwood, meranti, pinus and rubber have helped to make the province a unique and rich natural resource.

The provincial capital, Banjarmasin, lies a short distance from the mouth of the Barito River at its confluence with the Martapura River. The rivers are literally the life blood of the city everything revolves around them. They are lined with tightly packed stilt houses. A lot of business is done on the waterways : floating markets flourish selling an enormous variety of goods including a tropical selection of fresh fruit such as Kesturi, a rare aromatic species of mango, durian, rambutan, butter fruit, pineapple, watermelon and banana.
South Kalimantan is well connected with cities all over the Indonesian Archipelago through Syamsuddin Noor airport, which is about 25 km from Banjarmasin. This busy airport handles DC-9's, allowing Merpati Nusantara, Bouraq and Sempati dan Dirgantara Air to service the province. South Kalimantan can also be reached by sea at Trisakti and Banjarmasin. For interior travel there are roads, but the waterways are the preferred form of travel.

East Borneo - Kalimantan Timur

As a major producer of oil and timber, East Kalimantan is at present the most industrially advanced province of the island and the second largest province in Indonesia. It is also the home of the original inhabitants of Kalimantan, the Orang Gunung or Mountain People. The tribes are collectively called Dayak, although this name is not embraced by many tribes-people themselves, who prefer to be known by separate tribal names such as Iban, Punan and Banuaq.
Local tribes traditionally live in communal long houses called Lamin or Umaq Daru. They are built on wooden piles, sometimes 3 meters high as protection against wild animals and flooding. The Punan people are nomadic hunter-gatherers, and only use the long house at the height of the rainy season.Steeped in tradition, the interior of the long house is typically divided into separate family quarters with a communal areas connecting each of the families. It is in these communal areas that village meetings are held and ceremonies performed, thereby reinforcing the strong tribal bonds in the face of rapidly advancing 20th century technology.

Guardian statues are normally placed in front of long house to protect them against evil's spirits who bring disease and bad fortune. The more remote and traditional tribes-people have pierced earlobes, which over the years have become stretched by the weight of heavy gold or brass rings, and beautifully elaborate tattoos. Local jewelry and designs are intricate and powerful, often giving messages to be passed down from generation to generation.

The most common starting points for many journeys and adventures on the island are Balikpapan and Samarinda, the provincial capital. Traveling along the extensive Mahakam river system is a fascinating adventure. River boats slide unobtrusively through heavily silt - laden waters, wild orchids drip off trees, Proboscis monkeys signal your arrival to the crocodiles and legendary hornbills. A 5,000acre Orchid Reservation close to the village of Kersil I cultivates 27 different species of orchid including the very rare Cologenia Pandurata or black orchid.

East-Kalimantan, enchanting nature in harmony

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As a major producer of oil and timber; East Kalimantan is at present the most industrially advanced province of the island and the second largest province in Indonesia. It is also the home of the original inhabitants of Kalimantan, the Orang Gunung or Mountain People. The tribes are collectivelly called Dayak, although this name is not embraced by many tribes-people themselves, who prefer to be known by sepa¬rate tribal names such as Iban, Punan and Banuaq. Local tribes traditionally live in the communal longhouses called Lamin or Umaq Daru. They are built on wooden piles, sometimes 3 metres high as protection against wild animals and flooding. The Punan people are nomadic hunter-gatherers, and only use the longhouse at the height of the rainy season. Steeped in tradition, the interior of the longhouse is typically divided into separate family quarters with communal areas connecting each of the families. It is in the communal areas that village meetings are held and ceremonies performed, thereby reinforcing the strong tribal bonds in the face of rapidly advancing 20th century’s technology.

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Guardian statues are normally placed in front of longhouses to protect them against evil’s spirits who bring disease and bad fortune. The more remote and traditional tribes-people have pierced earlobes, which over the year have become stretched by the weight of heavy gold or brass rings, and beautifully elaborate tattoos. Traveling along the extensive Mahakam river system is a fascinating adventure. Ri¬ver boats slide unobtrusively through heavily silt-laden waters, wild orchids drip off trees. Proboscis monkeys signal your arrival to the crocodiles and legendary hornbills. A 5,000 acre Orchid Reservation close to the village of Kersik Luwai cultivates 27 different species of orchild including the very rare “Cologenia pandura” the Black Orchid.





SAMARINDA
Samarinda is the capital of the East Kalimantan province on Kalimantan Island. The city is lies on the banks of Mahakam River. As well as being the capital, Samarinda is also the most populous city in East Kalimantan with population of 562,463 in 2000 and used by many as a gateway to the more remote regions of the province such as West Kutai, Kutai Kartanegara and East Kutai. To reach these areas usually involves travel by river as the most efficient means. An airport, 'Temindung' and a port are the transportation facility in Samarinda, however, there are plans to relocate both the airport and port soon.

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Samarinda's population includes Chinese; Banjarese, who are native to the southern part of the island; Kutais, who are native to the area around Samarinda; and Manu Muslims.
Samarinda is big in timber production, but the main reason to come here to explore the Mahakam River and visit the Dayak tribes that live on the banks of the river. Isuy Bay is located on the shores of Jempang Lake. There is a longhouse craft center and tourist hotel. Dance performances are regular happenings, especially when groups of tourists arrive. 'Mancong' is another longhouse, where you can stay. It's a bit touristy as well. If you have time on your hands, you should head for Melka, which is some 30 hours by boat, but it has a great orchid reserve.

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Samarinda is wood industrial estate in East Kalimantan as well as important port town. The location is not far from Balikpapan but the city that populates about 500 thousand men, has different situation from Balikpapan City. For tourist, Samarinda is good place to start the journey to hinterland, fringe Mahakam River. Most of the resident in Samarinda is Banjarese from South Kalimantan, so that Banjar langua has often heard in conversation here. Banjar Language is the primary language in Samarinda. Besides Banjarese, the second of the biggest public group in Samarinda is Kutai and other society that come from other area. Most of Samarinda City region is located in north of Mahakam River. In the riparian of this Mahakam has stood a Raya Darussalam Mosque that becomes one of characteristic or symbol of Samarinda City. Mostly the important white collars and hotel reside in north of the river.

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BALIKPAPAN
Balikpapan is recognized also with title oil town. If You resided in plane that is soon land in Balikpapan, hence from the air will seen a lot of oil conveyor ships reside in the beach whereas a number of oil bridges seen to stand up steady in the beach. Refinery Balikpapan located in edge of 'Teluk Balikpapan' cover area with 2,5 km width. This factory processed crude oil functioned to become ready products in marketing that is 'BBM' and 'Non BBM' for requirement of east Indonesia area. Because this oil, Balikpapan has developed become going forward town with various and modern town facilities. Sepinggan International Airlines and Hajji Embarkation becomes indicator for Balikpapan as very onward town in Kalimantan. Various star hotels five and restaurants international class made available in this town. As a modern town, Balikpapan also crowded with activity of entertainment amusement. Balikpapan City is commercial area where various hotels, restaurant and shop resided. Balikpapan Shopping Centre is residing in street between Sudirman Street and Ahmad Yani Street that is have become one of city symbol.

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BERAU
Berau resides in upstate East Kalimantan Province has with wide region but rare population of resident that is only about 100 thousand men. Tourism potency that grows in this area is sea tourism especially Derawan Island with the beautiful marine park and other islands that entering in Berau regency region. Segah River and Kelai River meet in Berau city, before have estuary to sea. During then, this Berau city ever has become two small empires location that are Gunung Tabur and Sambaliung. The location of those palace is faced each other Gunung Tabur Palace located in Segan riverbank whereas Sambaliung palace reside in Kelai riverbank. Gunung Tabur Palace now functioning as museum, which is containing of various monarchic relics like chair an empire, bed, ceramic that is including a cannon being found in forest by the first king of Gunung Tabur Palace.

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DERAWAN ISLANDS
Derawan and Sangalaki Islands 3 hours by long boat from Tanjung Redep in the north, you can reach Derawan Island. There are many rare animals such as the green turtle, the scarlet turtle, star fruit turtle and sea cow. Derawan and Sangalaki islands hold an amazing marine environment, including fabulous coral formations, canary crabs, green turtles and pearls.

Feel free to have a vacation in Derawan Islands to watch the rare green turtles,just by snorkeling you can watch the beauty of Derawan Marine Lifes, and you can also swimming with the stingless jelly fish, and diving with manta rays, isn't that amazing?

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BONTANG
Bontang City is one of town that resides in coastal area in East Kalimantan. One of tourism object in Bontang is Beras Basah Island, which located in offshore of Bontang city, abbout 7 sea miles or 25-35 minutes using speedboat. This island have beautiful panorama, the white sand that outspread along the beach with the beautiful wave, hardly suited for water sport activity like jet propulsion sky and as fluent as wind. Oturism object of Gosong Island is located in north side of Bontang city and is compatible place for they who like to fishing. This island is about 7 sea miles in north side of Bontang, can be gone through using speedboat during 20 minutes. Rent boat to this island can be met in Loktuan, Tanjung Limau and Bontang Kuala port. Resident in Bontang Kuala builds their house above seas. Here there are a number of booths presenting sea dish especially burning fish. Bontang Kuala is place that is good for tourists, who wish to eat fish and enjoy sea panorama.

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TENGGARONG
Tenggarong which is located 39 Km in northwest Samarinda during then is capital of Sultanate Kutai. The town is residing in Mahakam riverbank with people about 50 thousand mans; there is ex Kutai Empire, which now functioning as museum. This palace built by Dutch in year 1930 replaces wood building stripper palace that falling to pieces combustible. The Museum has collection of objects from Sultanate Kutai period and Dayak Tribes culture objects. The museum collection is impressing property of stripper ceramics jar of Chinese from dynasty Yuan, Ming and Qing period and now Sultanate Kutai is animated. Every year in September in Tenggarong is performed a Erau Festival that taking place during one finite two weeks. Dayak public who come from various areas in Kalimantan follows this event. At this event is performed custom ceremony and various dances that show by the Dayak dressy custom dancers. Kumala Island is newest tourism object in Kutai with solidarity between traditional and modern with complete facilities.

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MELAK
Melak is the biggest city upriver of Mahakam River, this famous town with 'Cagar Nam Anggrek Kersik Luwai' where about 72 different orchid species has grew in this place include a real rareness orchid 'Cologenia Pandurata'. Nicest time to see orchid in this place is in January and February. The location of orchid garden is about 16 Km from Melak, which is reachable with renting vehicle of jeep or motorcycle. Various event of interesting customs is frequently performed in Melak like marriage ceremony, healing, death, buffalo cut ceremony and others. Healing ceremony, which is often performed usually in each March, April and June. The regional around Melak, in west side of Mahakam River, be plateau area (plateau) where in adjoining there is Barong Tongkok village, which is reachable by joining with others motorcycle or minibus public transport. This public vehicle would continuously finite to Eheng. In Barong Tongkok is available booth and Putri Tanjung Hotel. In Eheng there is an original long house, property of local public. It is told original, because this customhouse being built in 1960 still be dwelt by 32 Dayak Banuaq families. The possibilities of this long house become the last Dayak ash customhouse that built without subsidy from government.

Between Barong Tongkok and Eheng that is in Mencimai there is a museum agriculture of Dayak public that built by agricultural economy student from Japan who interesting with the public culture. In this museum is explained for example way of Dayak publics hunt animal (pig and monkey) in forest, way of collecting made, and way of making clothes from bark. This Museum also has collection of weapon mandau and tool from cane.

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PASIR
Palm Plantation is located about 120 km from Tanah Grogot. Nature panorama with extent of coconut garden, which is wide with fresh air, is place of agro tourism object that interesting to be visited.

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PENAJAM PASIR UTARA
Deer Breeding is located in Waru District, Penajam Paser Utara regency, according to SK East Kalimantan No14/BPN-16/UM-05/111-1990 is reserved farm with 1000 Ha width for breeding area, but finite has just exploited and have been fenced with 50Ha width. It is build in 1996 last year. The location is side of joint streets Tanah Grogot Penajam (about 103 km from Tanah Grogot). Beside as place of tourism object, this place also applied as place of breeding and conservation various deer population types till now (July 2002) about 109 tails, deer types being breed is Sambar deer (Cervus Unicolor Brokei) and Timor deer (Cervus Timorensis), with detail adult 30 tails, female 35 tails, child and each female child 22 tails. Now have been done cooperation with The Institute of Indonesia Science (LIPI) in 'Potensi Ternak Rusa' sector.

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MALINAU
Long Mungan is reside in Pujungan river is : Jeram Beluwe, Cow, Luu, Noa, Entaa Liang, Bearau, Pangin, Baliu, Mading, Lung, Lesung, Alo, Badeng, Telasu, Buet, Enta Talang, Monkey, Wung, Abye, Luhung, Geng Batu Baya, Enta Lunuk, Loang Pande, Kaa Miung, Kerabang, Long Beluah, Long Uan, Tako, Kaa Besun, Kaa Kaleng, Bekai Paying, Bulo Latung, Anye Bung, Mop, Long Mejan, Dayak Kenyah Tribe who live in Pujungan district that is: Urna Lasan, Amaryllis, Pua, Lepo Ke, Lepo Maut, Uma Lung, Punan Benalui, Uma Alim, Badeng, Leppo Ngibun and Lepo Entang. The varieties generate variety of culture art. If you wished to visit this location, it can apply longboat from Selor Bay Long Peso - Long Pujungan.

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Long Nawang resides in riparian Kayan River and abuts on Serawak. Long Nawang is the capital Kayan Hulu district that is ahead recognized as Apo Kayan. Here central both of Dayak Kenyah tribe center artistry culture is not custom in. The distance from Long Serawak with Long Lawang is about 570 km. This area has the history evidence of colonization epoch with ex country doorstep and Dutch army grave. Sambudurut village located of crossed of Malinau city and in this countrified dwelt by Dayak Punan tribe. Besides alongside Tubo river also there is a tribe Dayak Punan village. Where this Punan tribe people is recognized as agility to hunt and expert to make clipper and clipper poison and cane mat. For tourist who wish to visit this Dayak Punan tribe area through Tarakan towards to Malinau and after get rent Longboat to Dayak Punan tribe location with Guide by the local guide Malinau.

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TANJUNG ISUY
Tanjung Isuy. This litle settlement around Lake Jempang, in the lake-studded East Kalimantan hinterland, has a traditional Da¬yak longhouse which has been turned into lodges for visitors. The grave of a Benuaq Dayak chief lies aside the hamlets’s only only road. Visitors are usually given a traditional Dayak Benuaq welcome. The trip over Tanjung Isuy over the Mahakam River is along but interesting one past floating village and forest scenery. See the magic dance of the “belian” a Dayak tribe‘s doctor. Dressed in skirt of leaves, cures his patients at night by performing the rites prescribed by ancestors to the frenzied accompaniment of gongs and drums. Many Benuaq Dayaks still prefer the old cures to the modern ones at the government public health centers which are nearby.

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MUARA ANCALONG
Muara Ancalong-Muara Wahau Dances at the Kenyah Dayak are often performed here for visitors at a traditional longhouse.

Dayak Traditional



Tourist Office :
Jl. Kusuma Bangsa Balaikota Samarinda 75123 Phone (0541) 741669, 731447 Fax. (0541) 736866

Getting there :
Balikpapan is the gateway to East Kalimantan, Garuda Indonesia Airlines fly from Kuala Lumpur to Balikpapan via Jakarta. Balikpapan can be reach by flight directly from Jakarta, Manado and Surabaya as well as from Tarakan.

Tourism Events :
Erau Festival, Tenggarong Mahakam River, East Kalimantan. Catch a rare glimpse of Dayak and their culture during the Erau festival. The event is held on Sept’ 08 to celebrate Tenggarong, Founding as the capital city of an ancient kingdom several centuries ago.

Dance Arts & Traditional Ceremonies

Coastal Culture Traditional Ceremonies
Animism (a belief towards the anchestor's spirits) is also found in the coastal area. The belief believed by the Bajau tribe (coastal) comes from the social life organization, which is called Melabuh traditional ceremony. Although this traditional ceremony in the coastal areas has different names and activities, the meaning is just the same; that is as a prayer for God to say thank and also to ask for a better live. Since this ceremony is based on the source of living and life itself, therefore the ceremony consists of the offerings (sesajian) offered for God. The peak of this ceremony is usually done by throwing away the offering to the sea.

Coastal Culture
• Jepen dance
• Tenun sarung dance
• Anyam tikar dance
• Mamanda
• Rebana
• Berjanji
• Delail
• Diba
• Gurdah
• Rudat
• Qasidah
• Hadrah
• Selawatan
• Maulud Habsyi
• Bedalling Dance (Derawan Island)
• Sakayan-sakayan (Derawan Island)
• Ronggeng dance (Pasir)

Kingdom/Kraton Culture
• Topeng Dance
• Kanjar Ganjur Dance
• Joget Demaring Dance
• Bangun Dance

Inner Culture
• Perang Dance (Kancet Pepatai)
• Wanita Dance (Kancet Ledo) / Gong Dance
• Datun Julut Dance
• Leleng Dance
• Pegayang Dance (Kerja Dance)
• Pecuk-pecuk Kina Dance
• Pilin Tali Dance
• Karang Sapek (Sampek Dance)
• Hudoq Dance
• Ding Dance (Burung Punguk Dance), Jong Nyelong Dance, and Nguwai Dance
• Gantar Dance
• Giring-giring Dance
• Ngerangkau Dance
• Belian Dance
• Enggang Bird Dance
• Perang Bersama Dance
• Uding Dance
• Pergaulan Dance
• Lemau Dance
• Kacet Tengen (Tunggal Dance)
• Kancet Lesung Untat (Menumbuk Beras)
• Bekukui Dance
• Bekukui Dance
• Kancet Tua (Bersama Dance)

PLACES OF INTEREST

Samarinda

Samarinda is known for its fine sarong cloth. The city shows some signs of being the capital of a prosperous province. New government offices and public buildings are rising everywhere. Samarinda has a number of modest but comfortable hotels.

Balikpapan

Balikpapan, the center of Kalimantan's oil industry is also the gateway to East Kalimantan with air and sea connections to Jakarta and other major points in Indonesia. Even the trip to Samarinda, begins in Balikpapan. Living up to its importance, Balikpapan has a number of good hotels, including one of international standard, as well as recreation facilities. It has the second busiest airport in the nation after Jakarta, due to its strategic position.

Berau and Marine Tourism on Derawan island

Found here are the remains of a king called the Keraton Gunung Tambur and The Keraton Sambaliung. Historic objects can be seen here. Derawan island is about 3 hours by a long boat from Tanjung Redep (The Capital of Berau Regency) or via Tarakan.

There are many rare animals such as the green turtle, the scarlet turtle, star fruit turtle and sea cow.

Other things are rare species of marine plants, coral reefs, iguanas, sea birds, crab and the location for pearl diving.

It is also good for scuba diving, fishing, swimming, and other water sports.

Bontang

Located in the regency of Kutai with an area of about 200,000 ha, Bontang has a rare flora and fauna. The Kutai National Park near Bontang is worth visiting to see sceneries especially those at Beras Basah.

Bulungan

It is one place for the adventure-seeking visitors. Things of historic value and ancient remains, art collections and traditional ceremonies, with a background of beautiful panoramas of the jungle and mountains are to be found here.

Tanah Merah Indah - Lempake

This is a recreational park called Tanah Merah Indah-Lempake with a waterfall, located about 16 km from downtown Samarinda. It can be reached by car or public transportation

Tenggarong

Tenggarong, up the Mahakam river from Samarinda, is the capital of the Kutai regency and was once the seat of the Kutai sultanate. The Sultan's palace on the riverside is now a museum where the old royal paraphernalia are kept, as well as an excellent collection of antique Chinese ceramics. Dayak statues can be admired in the yard. A curious thing about the royal paraphernalia is that they display a strong resemblance with Java's court traditions.

Every 24th of September, the former palace becomes a stage of dance and music performances given to celebrate the town's anniversary.

Tanjung Isuy

This little settlement around Lake Jempang in the lake-studded East Kalimantan hinterland, has a traditional Dayak long-house which has been turned into lodges for visitors. The grave of a Benuaq Dayak chief lies aside the hamlet's only road. Visitors are usually given a traditional Benuaq Dayak welcome. The trip to Tanjung Isuy over the Mahakam river is a long but interesting one past floating villages and forest scenery. If you are lucky, you can watch a belian, or witch doctor, dressed in his skirt of leaves, cures his patients at night by performing the rites prescribed by ancestors to the frenzied accompaniment of gongs and drums. Many Benuaq Dayaks still prefer the old cures to the modern ones at government public health centers which are nearby.

Melak - Kersik Luway

Melak is a little village further upstream on the Mahakam river in the heart of the land of Tanjung Dayak. Not far from the village is the Kersik Luway nature reserve, where the "Black Orchid grows."

Muara Ancalong - Muara Wahau

Dances of the Kenyah Dayak are often performed here for visitors at a traditional long-house. Also various handicrafts can be seen and purchased.

EAST KALIMANTAN

EAST KALIMANTANTravelling in Indonesia

A major producer of oil and timber, East Kalimantan is at present the most industrially advanced province of the island. Its population numbers less than two million, and the density figure of seven people per kilometer is among the lowest of Indonesia, although relatively high for Kalimantan. More than 80 percent of the area, or over 17 million hectares is covered by forest. This is where the "Black Orchid" and many other orchid varieties grow within the sheltered confines of nature reserves.

The Banjarese and Kutainese are mostly the coastal population, living in towns and cities. The Dayak peoples form the overwhelming majority of the population of the hinterland, who live in long-houses called umaq daru. It is customary for one whole extended family or even one clan to occupy one long- house. Each family is given a separate compartment with the chief of the clan occupying the central chamber. Guardian statues are normally placed in front of the long house to protect it against evil spirits who bring disease and bad fortune. Such long-houses, however, are gradually disappearing and many have been converted into meeting halls or stages for dance and music performances. The Dayaks are also known for their artistry, making beautiful cloths and ornaments for their traditional houses. The Tunjung Dayaks still make a kind of cloth called doyo, which is woven from certain plant fibers, used in the past in rituals. But now they are offered for sale to visitors. Oil and natural gas are found along the entire east coast, with refineries centered at Balikpapan and Bontang.

LATAR BELAKANG SEJARAH

* The origin Dayak was the term for the original inhabitants of the Kalimantan island. The Kalimantan island was divided was based on the Administrative territory that arranged his territory respectively consist of: East Kalimantan his capital of Samarinda, South Kalimantan with his capital of Banjarmasin, Central Kalimantan his capital of Palangka Raya, and West Kalimantan his capital of Pontianak. The Suku Dayak group, was divided again in sub-sub the ethnic group that approximately the amount 405 sub (according to J. U. Lontaan, 1975). Respectively sub the Dayak ethnic group in the Kalimantan island had the customs and traditions and the culture that were similar, referred to his social sociology and the difference of the customs and traditions, the culture, and the typical language. The community's past that currently is acknowledged as the Dayak ethnic group, lived in the area of the coastal coast and rivers in each one of their settlements. The ethnic group of Dayak Kalimantan according to a J.U. Lontaan anthropology, 1975 in His book of Hukum Adat and the West Kalimantan Customs And Traditions, consisted of 6 big ethnic groups and 405 sub the small ethnic group, that spread all over Kalimantan. The strength of the urbanisation flow that brought the influence from

They mentioned himself with the group that came from an area was based on the name of the river, the name of the hero, the name of nature et cetera. For example the Iban ethnic group the origin he said from Ivan (in the language kayan, Ivan = the nomad) likewise according to the other source that they mentioned himself by the name of the Batang Lupar ethnic group, because of coming from the Batang Lupar river, the area of the West Kalimantan border with Antimony, Malaysia. The Mualang ethnic group, was taken from the name of a leading figure who was respected (Manok Sabung/the executioner) in Tam -pun Juah and the name this was immortalised to a name of the Ketungau tributary in the area of the Sintang Regency (because of an incident) and afterwards was made the name of the Dayak Mualang ethnic group. Dayak Bukit (Kanayatn/Ahe) came from the Hill/the Onion mountain. Likewise the Dayak Kayan origin, Kantuk, Tamambaloh, Kenyah, Benuag, Ngaju et cetera, that had the background of the history separately.

However had also the Dayak ethnic group that did not know again the name origin of his ethnic group. The "Dayak" name or the "Power" was the name eksonim (the name that not was given by mayarakat that personally) and not the name endonim (the name that was given by the community personally). Dayak words came from Daya” words that meaning that the upstream, to name the community that lives in the countryside or the Kalimantan interior generally and West Kalimantan especially, (although currently many Dayak communities that settled in the regency city and the province) that had the customs and traditions resemblance and the culture and still held firm his tradition.

Central Kalimantan had the problem of ethnicity that was very different in the West Kalimantan equal. The majority ethnis that lived in Central Kalimantan was ethnis Dayak, that was biggest the Dayak Ngaju ethnic group, Ot Danum, Maanyan, Dusun, etc.. Whereas the religion that was followed by them really variatif. Dayak that was religious Islam in Central Kalimantan, continue to maintained ethnis him Dayak, likewise for Dayak that entered the Christian religion. The original religion the Dayak ethnic group in Central Kalimantan was Kaharingan, that was the original religion that was born from the local culture before the Indonesian nation knew the religion to be first namely Hindu. Because of Hindu has meyebar the area in the world especially Indonesia and more was known to be wide, if compared with the ethnic group's Dayak religion, then the Kaharingan Religion was categorised to the branch of the Hindu religion.

Propinsi Kalimantan Barat mempunyai keunikan tersendiri terhadap proses alkurturasi cultural atau perpindahan suatu culture religius bagi masyarakat setempat. Dalam hal ini proses tersebut sangat berkaitan erat dengan dua suku terbesar di Kalimantan Barat yaitu Dayak,Melayu dan Tiongkok. Pada mulanya Bangsa Dayak mendiami pesisir Kalimantan Barat, hidup dengan tradisi dan budayanya masing-masing, kemudian datanglah pedagang dari gujarab beragama Islam (Arab Melayu) dengan tujuan jual-beli barang-barang dari dan kepada masyarakat Dayak, kemudian karena seringnya mereka berinteraksi, bolak-balik mengambil dan mengantar barang-barang dagangan dari dan ke Selat Malaka (merupakan sentral dagang di masa lalu), menyebabkan mereka berkeinginan menetap di daerah baru yang mempunyai potensi dagang yang besar bagi keuntungan mereka.

Hal ini menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagi masyarakat Dayak ketika bersentuhan dengan pendatang yang membawa pengetahuan baru yang asing ke daerahnya. Karena sering terjadinya proses transaksi jual beli barang kebutuhan, dan interaksi cultural, menyebabkan pesisir Kalimantan Barat menjadi ramai, di kunjungi masyarakat lokal (Dayak) dan pedagang Arab Melayu dari Selat Malaka. Di masa itu system religi masyarakat Dayak mulai terpengaruh dan dipengaruhi oleh para pedagang Melayu yang telah mengenal pengetahuan, pendidikan dan agama Islam dari luar Kalimantan. Karena hubungan yang harmonis terjalin baik, maka masyarakat lokal atau Dayak, ada yang menaruh simpati kepada pedagang Gujarat tersebut yang lambat laun terpengaruh, maka agama Islam diterima dan dikenal pada tahun 1550 M di Kerajaan Tanjung Pura pada penerintahan Giri Kusuma yang merupakan kerajan melayu dan lambat laun mulai menyebar di Kalimantan Barat.

masyarakat Dayak masih memegang teguh kepercayaan dinamismenya, mereka percaya setiap tempat-tempat tertentu ada penguasanya, yang mereka sebut: Jubata, Petara, Ala Taala, Penompa dan lain-lain, untuk sebutan Tuhan yang tertinggi, kemudian mereka masih mempunyai penguasa lain dibawah kekuasaan Tuhan tertingginya: misalnya: Puyang Gana ( Dayak mualang) adalah penguasa tanah , Raja Juata (penguasa Air), Kama”Baba (penguasa Darat),Jobata,Apet Kuyan'gh(Dayak Mali) dan lain-lain. Bagi mereka yang masih memegang teguh kepercayaan dinamisme nya dan budaya aslinya nya, mereka memisahkan diri masuk semakin jauh kepedalaman.

adapun segelintir masyarakat Dayak yang telah masuk agama Islam oleh karena perkawinan lebih banyak meniru gaya hidup pendatang yang dianggap telah mempunyai peradaban maju karena banyak berhubungan dengan dunia luar. (Dan sesuai perkembangannya maka masuklah para misionaris dan misi kristiani/nasrani ke pedalaman). Pada umumnya masyarakat Dayak yang pindah agama Islam di Kalimantan Barat dianggap oleh suku dayak sama dengan suku melayu. Suku Dayak yang masih asli (memegang teguh kepercayaan nenek moyang) di masa lalu, hingga mereka berusaha menguatkan perbedaan, suku dayak yang masuk Islam(karena Perkawinan dengan suku Melayu) memperlihatkan diri sebagai suku melayu.banyak yang lupa akan identitas sebagai suku dayak mulai dari agama barunya dan aturan keterikatan dengan adat istiadatnya. Setelah penduduk pendatang di pesisir berasimilasi dengan suku Dayak yang pindah(lewat perkawinan dengan suku melayu) ke Agama Islam,agama islam lebih identik dengan suku melayu dan agama kristiani atau kepercayaan dinamisme lebih identik dengan suku Dayak.sejalan terjadinya urbanisasi ke kalimantan, menyebabkan pesisir Kalimantan Barat menjadi ramai, karena semakin banyak di kunjungi pendatang baik local maupun nusantara lainnya.

Untuk mengatur daerah tersebut maka tokoh orang melayu yang di percayakan masyarakat setempat diangkat menjadi pemimpin atau diberi gelar Penembahan (istilah yang dibawa pendatang untuk menyebut raja kecil ) penembahan ini hidup mandiri dalam suatu wilayah kekuasaannya berdasarkan komposisi agama yang dianut sekitar pusat pemerintahannya, dan cenderung mempertahankan wilayah tersebut. Namun ada kalanya penembahan tersebut menyatakan tunduk terhadap kerajaan dari daerah asalnya, demi keamanan ataupun perluasan kekuasaan.

Masyarakat Dayak yang pindah ke agama Islam ataupun yang telah menikah dengan pendatang Melayu disebut dengan Senganan, atau masuk senganan/masuk Laut, dan kini mereka mengklaim dirinya dengan sebutan Melayu. Mereka mengangkat salah satu tokoh yang mereka segani baik dari ethnisnya maupun pendatang yang seagama dan mempunyai karismatik di kalangannya, sebagai pemimpin kampungnya atau pemimpin wilayah yang mereka segani.

PEMBAGIAN CIRI TARI DAYAK

  • BERDASARKAN WILAYAH PENYEBARANNYA DI KALIMANTAN BARAT

Bangsa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat terbagi berdasarkan sub-sub ethnik yang tersebar diseluruh kabupaten di Kalimantan Barat. Berdasarkan Ethno Linguistik dan cirri cultural gerak tari Dayak di Kalimantan Barat menjadi 5 besar yakni:

  1. . Kendayan / Kanayatn Grop : Dayak Bukit (ahe), Banyuke, Lara, Darit, Belangin, Bakati” dll. Wilayah penyebarannya di Kabupaten Pontianak, Kabupaten Landak, Kabupaten Bengkayang, dan sekitarnya.
  2. . Ribunic / Jangkang Grop : Dayak Ribun, Pandu, Pompakng, Lintang, Pangkodatn, Jangkang, Kembayan, Simpakng, dll. Wilayah penyebarannya di Kabupaten Sanggau Kapuas,
  3. . Dayak Mali, Tobakng Benua sampai Balai Bekuak Kabupaten Ketapang dan sekitarnya.
  4. . Iban / Ibanic : Dayak Iban dan sub-sub kecil lainnya, Mualang, Ketungau, Kantuk, Sebaruk, Banyur, Tabun, Bugau, Undup, Saribas, Desa, Seberuang, dan sebagainya. Wilayah penyebarannya di Kabupaten Sambas (perbatasan), Kabupaten Sanggau / malenggang dan sekitarnya (perbatasan) Kabupaten Sekadau (Belitang Hilir, Tengah, Hulu) Kabupaten Sintang, Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu, Serawak, Sabah dan Brunai Darusalam.
  5. . Tamanic Grop : Taman, Tamambaloh dan sub nya, Kalis, dan sebagainya. Wilayah penyebarannya di Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu.


Selain terbagi menurut ethno linguistik yang terdata menurut jumlah besar groupnya, masih banyak lagi yang belum teridentifikasikan, karena menyebar dan berpencar dan terbagi menjadi suku yang kecil-kecil. Misalnya Dayak di Kabupaten Ketapang, daerah Persaguan, Kendawangan, daerah Kayong, Sandai, daerah Krio, Aur kuning. Daerah Manjau dsb.

Kemudian Dayak daerah Kabupaten Sambas, yaitu Dameo / Damea, Sungkung daerah Sambas dan Kabupaten Bengkayang dan sebagainya. Kemudian daerah Kabupaten Sekadau kearah Nanga Mahap dan Nanga Taman, Jawan, Jawai, Benawas, Kematu dan lain-lain. Kemudian Kabupaten Melawi, yaitu: Linoh, Nyangai, Ot Danum ( masuk kelompok kal-teng), Leboyan dsb. Kemudian Kapuas Hulu diantaranya: Suhaid / suaid, Mentebah, Suruk, Punan, Bukat, Kayan ( masuk kelompok kal-tim), Manday dan sebagainya.

Pembagian berdasarkan ethnolinguistik sangatlah menarik untuk di kaji dan perkuat berdasarkan Observasi, analisa, dan study lapangan. Maka berdasarkan grop terbesar masing-masing kelompok, tari Dayak di Kalimantan Barat, terbagi sebagai berikut: Kelompok Kendayan / Kanayatn grop, sampai kepada Jangkang grop, gerak tarinya mempunyai cirri yang rancak atau keras, menghentak, kejang-kejang, stakato. Untuk Kabupaten Sanggau Kapuas gerakan tersebut mulai timbul variasi, ada yang lembut dan ada juga yang keras. Pengaruh tari dari wilayah Kendayan grup Kabupaten Pontianak menyebar berdasarkan arah mata angin dalam radius tertentu, sampai ke Sanggau Kapuas. Hal ini di karenakan Kelompok kendayan /kanayatn (Bukir / ahe) mayoritas bermukim di Kabupaten Pontianak, Landak, dekat dengan kota pantai ( Pontianak, Mempawah dsb yang merupakan pintu masuk kedaerah pedalaman, hingga dapat menjadi filter demikian juga dapat mengalkulturasikan gerak tari “nya” dan yang mempengaruhinya. menyebabkan pengaruh penyerapan budaya yang secara lansung menyentuh pada komunitasnya. Hal ini juga secara filosofis dipengaruhi karaktaristik masyarakatnya yang keras ( karna berhadapan dengan budaya urban ) hingga mempengaruhi cultur social di bidang kesenian tarinya. Cirri stakato dan hentakan-hentakan lebih dominan pada kaki dan tangan, terutama tumit (Kendayan grop), demikian juga iringan musiknya mempunyai irama yang berdinamika, keras, tegas (walaupun umumnya suku Dayak lebih mengambil objek tari yang terdapat pada alam). Ibanik / grop, mulai dari kabupaten Sekadau, sampai ke kapuas hulu serta kelompok Tamanik dan Dayak yang lainnya yang bermukim di daerah Kapuas Hulu Kalimantan Barat, mempunyai cirri gerak yang lembut, tegas, lincah, mempunyai gerak yang kontinyu (mengalir). Dominan cirri gerak tampak pada pinggul, kaki melangkah menyilang, dan cirri gerak tangan banyak menirukan gerak alam, burung-burung, cirri simetris (sebangun) dan gerak asimetris (tidak sebangun) tidak terlalu mendominasi walaupun ada untuk Dayak Kapuas Hulu. Sedangkan instrumen musiknya variatif baik musik tetabuhan maupun musik sapek. Tidak sekeras, dan stakato seperti wilayah Kabupaten Pontianak sampai ke Kabupaten Sanggau. Ciri-ciri gerak tari kelompok Ibanic Grop, mulai dari Kabupaten Sekadau sampai Kapuas Hulu tidak banyak mengalkulturasi atau tersentuh gerak tari luar (urban), karena ketika pendatang yang membawa kesenian luar tiba, mereka terfilter dan tertranspormasi diwilayah yang disinggahi pertama, baru kemudian menyebar ke daerah lainnya demikian juga cirri gerak kelompok Kapuas Hulu lainnya, kecuali Dayak Suaid ( terpengaruh gradasi budaya karena pengaruh masuknya agama kristiani di masa lalunya) Untuk suku Dayak Kayan dengan sub nya gerak tarinya lebih halus lagi dan lembut sesuai dengan iringan musik sapeknya, demikian juga yang bermukim di Serawak maupun Kalimantan Timur, dan suku serumpunnya yakni Dayak Kenyah.

Tari Ngajat / Nyambut Temuai Datai Dayak Mualang (ibanic grop) Kabupaten Sekadau Kalimantan Barat